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Packaging and Merchandising Design - Exercise 1

22/09/25 -  6/09/2025 (Week 1 - Week 3)
Anggia Tsani Rachmadiyanti, (0368487)
Packaging & Merchandising Design / MER60104 / Bachelor in Design (Hons) in Creative Media / Taylor's University
Exercise 1 - Packaging Design Analysis


 Content List: 

 Module Brief: 


 Exercise 1 Instructions: 

Overview: Choose FOUR (4) products (box, bottle, can, and tube) in the market that you believe have poor packaging design. Ensure the product is readily available for purchase. 

For each 4, write:

Product Analysis: Conduct a thorough analysis of the existing packaging design. Identify the specific shortcomings and challenges in the current packaging. Consider factors such as functionality, aesthetics, sustainability, target audience, and branding when evaluating a product. 

Market Research: Investigate the target market for each product and assess how the current packaging aligns with the expectations and preferences of the target audience. 

Competitor Analysis: Research and analyze the packaging designs of competing products in the same category. Identify trends and best practices in packaging design within this product/packaging category.

 Lecture Notes: 

- None yet

 Class exercise: 

Group Discussion: Purpose of packaging?
  • Protect the item & product
  • Persuade buyers and attract them to buy the product / attract consumers.
  • Protect from contamination, moving from one place to another.
  • Transport the products easily
  • Display & inform information / instructions of the product
  • Display in stores, make sure it is stable and can stand in markets such as grocery stores and supermarkets.
  • Sustainability through the types of material, recyclable or not?
  • Makes storage easier and safe
  • Gives company identity and differentiates from competitors
  • Increase customers' convenience such as: seals, portable, easy to close and open.
  • Making sure it is easy to open the product.
  • Increase accessibility.
  • Adds trust to consumers when they see the packaging design.

Item #1: Box







Overview
Product Name: OSK New Family Japanese Green Tea
Packaging purpose & Functionality: contain and protect 50 teabags inside, freshness, communicate brand, directions and regulatory info, also for shelf & household handling, communicate authenticity (Japanese origin), ensure ease of storage/use, and meet export certifications (e.g., Halal).
Branding & Target Audience: The product is aimed at health-conscious tea drinkers, particularly middle-aged and older adults, families, and Asian consumers familiar with Japanese tea culture. Also targets international buyers (Singapore, Indonesia, global markets) who value authenticity, convenience, and certifications like Halal.

Product Analysis
The packaging feels dated and cluttered, with too much text and overlapping elements. The brand identity is weak and the OSK logo is present but not dominant, the overall design lacks a strong visual recall. Shelf impact is low compared to modern, minimalist tea brands.

The packaging is not so attractive and appealing as the visuals overall look very outdated and cheap. The creative elements such as the texts, labels, icons and image of green tea cup looks randomly pasted and positioned which looks messy. The fonts used are also very generic and boring, with the Chinese character being outlined in white. It doesn't look premium at all. Moreover, the colour is too vibrant green and the dots in the background is disturbing and makes the box look unaesthetic. The english main title text of the "OSK Family Japanese Green Tea" should be made bigger, with a different font and colour to make it standout and easier to read. The texts looks cramped up together in front of the box. In addition, the picture of the green tea cup looks very low quality, no shadows and further illustrations surrounding it such as green tea leaves, so there's nothing that depicts health, nature and organic. The Chinese letters are too big, whereas the english title should be the main and biggest one if they want to attract more audience. People might not want to look or read it at first glance. The visual hierarchy is messy so our eyes don't firstly focus on the title. There's too much icons on the front of the box so there's no main anchor. The supporting logos, symbols should be made smaller or can be put together at the bottom part instead of placing it on all 4 corners of the box.

However, the opening of the box is perforated and can be opened like a flap to get the individual teabag sachets inside very easily and convenient, especially at home. One other positive point is that the packaging shows the complete serving instruction at the back of the box, but the ingredient and text at the back is too thin so older people might not be able to read it easily. It also says "moisture proof packaging" at one side of the box, convincing buyers that the packaging is in good condition. The descriptions, all informations are all listed on the packaging, which is good.
Sustainability: Cardboard is primarily made of paper fibers, which can be separated and recycled into new paper and cardboard products. At one side of the box, it says the recycle symbol. But inner packaging: each tea bag is individually wrapped in plastic film → increases environmental waste.

Design Weaknesses:
  1. Very generic fonts, arial and ugly font for the chinese character feels crowded & reduce clarity.
  2. Boring colour, fonts, no visual anchor.
  3. Messy, cluttered elements and all icons compete for attention.
  4. Doesn't look premium as many things are put on the front and the solid green and dots background makes it look cheap and unappealing.
  5. No visual hierarchy
  6. Colour palette is just green. They should add accent or gradients such as a little bit of yellow.
  7. English title is too small and cramped.
  8. Lack of graphics which shows nature, organic and fresh, since it is green tea
  9. The image of the green tea cup looks like it's just simply pasted there with no shadows. There's no pictures of green tea leaves which is an important part for a green tea packaging.
  10. Overloaded with certifications, product claims (“No.1 in Singapore”, “Halal”, “Product of Japan”), which compete for attention.
Market Research

The current packaging would probably attract more of Chinese people than non-chinese. This would attract more of the older consumers such as 40+ year olds. However, younger consumers such as 18-30 year olds might not want to buy it since it overall looks visually unappealing and unprofessional to them. Youunger ones focus first on how catchy the packaging looks like. If it looks cheap, they might not trust if the green tea is a good quality one. Health-conscious consumers, fitness enthusiasts, and tea enthusiasts usually get attracted when they see catchy graphics which supports the organic and healthy, natural feeling of the tea since they are seeking a natural energy boost and potential health benefits like improved metabolism, focus, and skin health. They look for more minimalist and clean looking ones. Modern tea buyers expect natural/earthy visuals (kraft paper, muted greens, leaf motifs). Simplicity + premium feel (clean fonts, fewer elements). Current packaging appeals more to traditional Asian markets (Japan/Singapore) where function > aesthetics. But in global markets, it feels old-fashioned and less eco-responsible, which can weaken competitiveness.

Competitor Analysis

Competitors: Ahmad Tea, BOH

Competitor Analysis: Ahmad Tea, BOH packagings all look visually appealing, trustable, professional, symmetrical and clean. It also have the slightly muted and calm green colour palette and a little bit of yellow in the design of the box. This suits the mood perfectly since it is about green tea. Moreover, the visual hierarchy is really clear and neatly logical. The name of the tea is big and emphasised in the center. The logo of the brand is places on top and does not disturb the other texts below. Good contrast ont he background and text is there too so people can immediately look at the title and text fast on shelves and from a distance. The overall designs of these 3 competitors' packaging look elegant too with minimal but meaningful graphics such as leaves/flower, which matches the theme. The layout of the front is symmetrical which makes it look overall neat. There isn't too much text and icons in the front too and more minimalist, compared to the current packaging earlier. These 3 looks premium and high quality, so people would trust and buy these packagings more. They also used different fonts for the different texts on the label.

Trends & Best practises for this packaging category:
  • Make the box opening flap perforated so it is easy to take the tea bags out neatly.
  • Use muted, & calming green colour palette with a little bit of yellow or brown to depict nature and freshness and organic.
  • Use professional, elegant and big font for the title.
  • Don't put too much packed texts on the front, keeping it minimal and clean.
  • Make the front label look symmetrical overall and keep texts and pictures centered.
  • Add graphics/imaged related to green tea such as leaves/teacup for catchy visuals.
  • Have a clear hierarchy: main title bigger than the secondary supporting texts, with a larger and bolder font.
  • Add a bit of gold to make it look more premium & of good quality.
  • Add description on instructions of the serving of the green tea at the back.

Item #2: Bottle

Overview
Product Name: Double Lion — MANGGA (mango) syrup for drinks
Packaging purpose & Functionality: contain and protect viscous mango syrup, allow dispensing, communicate flavour/brand and regulatory info, survive retail & household handling.
Branding & Target Audience: mass-market local shoppers & households (Malay language on label), hawker stalls/small F&B vendors. As well as consumers who want recognisable, durable and affordable syrup. 

Product Analysis

The bottle is functional and has a clear packaging so people can see the colour of the mango inside. The bright yellow syrup shows through the plastic which is a  strong immediate cue of mango flavour (positive). It has a slim neck, so it is easy to hold, shallow side ribs suggest grip & rectangular body faces and flat panels help shelf placement/stacking, practical for retail/back-bar.

However, it has very boring, too generic and outdated visual identity. The packaging label is not attractive and appealing and does not have a strong brand identity, so there's poor consumer engagement for the brand. The design looks cheap. The bottle only has one label sticker of the drink in front, and no labels on the other 3 sides so nobody would know what the product is if it's put in the wrong position on shelves and not facing the front. Moreover, there's bad and generic font type used for the texts, for eg: just Arial for the word MANGGA which should be more attractive and bold since it is the title. The text for the directions of use is too small and no graphics on the steps to make the drink.
Apart from that, there's graphics/images depicting Mango or what drink it is, so people will ignore and not want to look at it on the shelves since there's no graphics at all, whereas pictures and visuals is what catches people's attention first compared to text. The small label uses high-contrast red + yellow + black and does not match the tropical mango colour scheme at all. That combination is loud and aggressive, it reads as low-end/mass market rather than premium. The overall visual hierarchy is poor with many competing elements (brand crest, “Bes Minuman Berperisa”, big “MANGGA”, dense small prints). Eye is pulled in several directions instead of following a clear path. Nutrition and ingredient blocks are too small on a red background making them hard to read at arm’s length. Important info (usage, expiry) is cramped as well. 

Sustainability: Plastic bottles are usually recyclable, however, in this packaging there's no icon or recycle symbol. No visible recycling icon or refill option means missed opportunity for eco-minded buyers.

Design Weakness:
  1. Brand mark (Double Lion) is ornate and takes visual focus but competes with the flavour name rather than supporting it. It is too big & almost the same size as MANGGA, where MANGGA should be made bigger with a catchier font rather than just sans-serif.
  2. Confusing visual hierarchy.
  3. Clashing colour palette (red + yellow + black) feel outdated & visually aggressive.
  4. Dense information blocks with tiny type, poor legibility and scanning.
  5. No recycling/refill icons, symbols. 
  6. Lack of contemporary cues (recipe suggestion for the drink, QR linking).
  7. No illustrations/images of mangoes.
  8. The label is only on one side of the bottles, so it's risky if the bottle is placed facing the wrong way on the shelves and people might not see the label.
  9. Font of the MANGGA tile is too boring, too solid and not refreshing & appealing. It should be bigger and bolder. The font size of the other descriptions and texts are too small.
  10. Too much texts on the front, and they should make the packaging label all around the bottle and put the ingredients on another side.
Market Research

The drink is mainly household & hawker market expectations, which makes and sells drinks for the customers. The drink is cheap & affordable. However, what’s missing for broader market appeal: cafés and premium buyers expect pumps/nozzles on the bottle since it is a mango syrup for drinks and a clear brand storytelling. Moreover, health-conscious consumers want natural ingredient claims, descriptions and recyclable packaging. As for the current design, it is functional for local mass market but will underperform for premium positioning, café/bar/restaurants use, or eco-conscious shoppers.

Competitor Analysis

Competitors: Mala's Mango Fruit Syrup & Sunquick 


These 2 packagings have their packaging labels fully around the bottle and they both have visuals, catchy mango tropical pictures which depicts the drink. Moreover, the font and size of the title and the text in front is big, readable and fun-looking. They didn't pack all the other text, ingredients and nutrition facts all in one side and all in front but spread it to the other sides of the label. In addition, the colour palette fits well on the drink: orange, yellow, greens and white depicting tropical colour. The visual hierarchy is also well constructed from the brand name and the title of the mango drink. The supporting texts for eg: "fruit syrup" is also clear and readable. There's good use of contrast on the texts and appealing on shelves. Overall, both the competitors' packaging are visually catchy, neat, striking and more appealing than the one I chose earlier. It's overall big and clear and can be read from a distance, especially when put on shelves. There's good storytelling (origin/real fruit content) as well.

Trends & Best practises for this packaging category:
  • Visible product colour -> transparent bottle to show orange syrup hue. 
  • Functional pumps for bulk/precision pour if made for retail and cafes. 
  • Strong typographic hierarchy — Brand name → Flavor (large) → Usage/USP  (smaller) or extra info.
  • Tropical, orange, yellowish colour palette for the label
  • Make the main title big and decorative fun bold
  • Strong use of graphics, illustrations and images of the fruits, tropics visuals.
  • Neat, modern labels with some white space, recycle icons, and drink recipes. 
  • Not too much/packed text on the front side, make sure the label goes fully around the mango bottle, so the ingredients information can be put on the other sides.
  • Use varied fonts.

Item #3: Can



Overview
Product Name: PRAN Coconut Water Drink
Packaging purpose: To contain and preserve coconut water with pulp, provide hydration and refreshment while being portable and convenient. Also communicate freshness, tropical vibe, and natural health benefits.
Branding & Target Audience: Health-conscious individuals, young adults, office workers, fitness enthusiasts, and families. Consumers who want a natural and refreshing alternative to soft drinks.

Product Analysis

The packaging has the green colour with tropical imagery - coconut image and palm tree, depicting the coconut drink itself and communicates freshness but looks generic compared to other competitors. However, the overall can design is not attractive and appealing. The packaging design lacks visual hierarchy. It has a very generic and boring and outdated font as well. The red colour of the PRAN logo makes it look really striking and odd. The image of the coconut is also placed too big. Competing coconut water brands often emphasize minimalist, premium, and refreshing designs, while this can feels slightly cluttered. Having both English ("Coconut Water") and Malay ("Air Kelapa") is functional for a bilingual market but visually inconsistent. Moreover, the colour scheme is a bit off as well, as there should be more blueish colour to represent refreshing drink. The can feels visually unbalanced because multiple elements (coconut image, palm leaves, water glass, icons, and text) compete for attention. Instead of having a focal point, the layout spreads quite randomly and visual weight unevenly spread across the design, creating clutter. The drink title text looks cramped up and pushed at the bottom, with the secondary text "premium hydrating". The secondary text is too small too, meanwhile the brand name in red is quite big on top so there's less focus on the title "coconut water". The PRAN logo should be made smaller. The texts, speech bubble looks too solid with no gradients, shadings, making it boring and outdated.

Sustainability: Packaged in an aluminium can (recyclable, widely accepted in recycling systems). 

Design Weaknesses: 
  1. Cluttered layout with elements looking randomly placed.
  2. Lack of premium feel → looks more budget/low-tier compared to trendy coconut water brands.
  3. Inconsistent typography: mix of bold sans serif and smaller fonts without clear hierarchy.
  4. The PRAN red logo makes it the most odd and it is too big.
  5. The title of the Coconut Water looks cramped and forced to fit in.
  6. The image of the coconut is too big and the Coconut Water text can be made larger and in a more contrasting brighter vibrant colour and a catchy font.
  7. The text "premium hydrating" is too small, considering it is an important text to persuade consumers to buy the drink.
  8. The product features (“With Pulp,” icons, etc.) are scattered and not prioritized, making it hard for consumers to immediately understand what makes this drink unique. Competing products often put brand or USP (unique selling point) first, but here, the information feels jumbled.
  9. The coconut image, glass of water, and text overlap visually but don’t reinforce one clear message. This poor grouping causes confusion about what to focus on first.
Market Research

Consumers prefer clean, minimalist, natural-looking packaging for health drinks. Many health-conscious buyers expect transparent communication (e.g., “100% natural,” “no preservatives,” origin story at the description). Fitness/young adult markets tend to be attracted to premium, Instagram-worthy packaging that feels modern and aspirational. The current design feels functional but not aspirational, which may cause weaker appeal in trend-driven segments.

Competitor Analysis
Competitors: Ritai Coco & NPV Coco Water

Ritai Coco Packaging
NPV Coco Water Packaging

Ritai Coco and NPV coco water's packaging is visually more appealing compared to the PRAN earlier. It has a logical order of visual hierarchy, from the logo, title and image. The typography and text size of the name of the drink is the biggest one since it is the first visual anchor so it is faster and easier for consumers to read it and since it is a canned drink, people want to grab and read it faster from fridges and shelves. The logo of the brand is also made smaller so it won't disturb the overall design. Other than that, these competitors' packaging has a very good colour scheme overall, which is a blend of fresh blue and green, not just green & white. The fonts of the title are also bold, vibrant, contrasting and big, so it doesn't look generic. The placement of the image also good and doesn't disturb the texts and title. The supporting words such as "original", "natural" "pure" and "with pulp" is also empasised and made clear so people won't miss reading it. The subtexts are easy to read from a distance. Overall, the competitors design look clean, premium and not outdated. It uses minimal design but still feels lively (waves, coconuts, subtle tropical cues). Coconuts are shown in a natural yet simple way, without overloading the design. Competitors win because their visuals are clean and more attractive on the shelf. Ritai & NPV maintain balanced layouts with clear focal points, meanwhile Pran lacks balance due to scattered icons and visuals.

Trends & Best practises for this packaging category:
  • Use effective and appealing visual elements, clean typography, and bold product names.
  • Consistent typography and non generic looking ones.
  • Have a sense of movement in the font used.
  • Have a blue-ish and green colour palette, depicting refreshing water.
  • Highlighting Origin & Naturalness: Emphasis on organic sourcing, natural purity, and sustainability. 
  • Functional Storytelling: Callouts such as “No Added Sugar,” “100% Pure,” or “Sustainably Sourced”. 
  • Lifestyle Appeal: Packaging that looks trendy, “Instagrammable,” and associated with healthy living.
  • Strong use of blue & white backgrounds → communicates freshness, purity, hydration.

Item #4: Tube


Overview
Product Name: Nature Republic Hand Cream Tube
Packaging purpose: Protect the hand cream, communicate scent/benefits, attract buyers on shelf, be portable for bags/purses and travel friendly. Tube is convenient, squeezable for controlled portioning.
Branding & Target Audience: Natural skincare audience, mostly young women (18–35), trend-conscious, value natural ingredients and attractive but honest packaging, also appeals to gift buyers.

Product Analysis

The packaging is very travel friendly, but it does not have a strong brand identity. This can cause poor consumer engagement for the brand. Font of the text is too boring for a hand cream which is suppose to attract women more (sans-serif) and there's only 1 font used and no varied fonts which makes it look boring. The texts are too small too and the title of the hand cream "Blooming Rose" isn't really emphasized and is too small so it lacks visual anchor for the main title text. Moreover, the other text descriptions below the title looks really cheap and messy as it is put into white blocks background and stacking them into layers. There's too many lines of descriptions on the front and looks cramped. Even though making the font colour green to show organic and nature, all the text are green so there's poor colour contrast on important texts. Overall, the design looks too still and solid and they need more illustrations and graphics since it is a beauty product.

The tube has some pink flower botanical/natural imagery which suits the product category and the scent (rose smell) but may feel generic if execution is overly literal (stock photos or clipart-like illustrations). Typography & hierarchy is also off. If the product name, scent, and brand aren’t clearly prioritized, consumers can’t scan it quickly on shelf. The font size, weight, and style, colour of the title should be easily distinguished and different from the other secondary descriptions.

Sustainability: Tube is a multi-layer plastic (hard to recycle) unless explicitly PCR/recyclable. There's lack of eco messaging, no visible sustainability icons/claims which reduces appeal to eco-aware buyers.

Design Weaknesses:
  1. Text for descriptions: Ingredient list, volume, and claims are tiny or low contrast harm readability and trust.
  2. Too much text in the front of tube
  3. Title of the handcream scent is too small and font is too generic, which should be more elegant.
  4. No colour variations for the text
  5. Too much levels/lines of text blocks on the front
  6. There's weak visual hierarchy since the info on the brand/scent/benefit compete for attention.
  7. Since the main target is women, they usually want a more elegant and nice looking design so putting more colours instead of white background can make it better
  8. Generic botanical imagery → poor differentiation from competitors. The background should be more colourful rather than just white.
  9. Finish and typography feel mass-market, not premium (just sans-serif solid text font) is mismatched to “natural premium” positioning.
  10. The brand name "Nature Republic" is hardly readable since it is put at the most bottom part of the tube so it will be hard for people to know what brand it is from when it's put on display and shelves and it is also in green with the other texts.
Market Research

What target consumers (mainly women) want: pretty, elegant looking, clean, minimal, trustworthy packaging with clear ingredient/scent info, sustainable info, attractive shelf presence and social-media friendly look. If the tube is busy, low-contrast, it under delivers. It communicates “ordinary” rather than “clean natural care,” so it may lose attention to brands that look more premium or eco-conscious.

Competitor Analysis

Competitors: The Body Shop, L'occitane, Bath & Body Works



3 of the brands' handcreams looks colourful with more graphics background and visuals compared to the Nature Republic packaging. It also doesn't have too much text descriptions on the front side. There's big title font for the name of the handcream. The logo and name of the brand is also clear and readable like "The Body Shop's" one. These 3 competitors put a box for the main title name of the cream so that it is in contrast, emphasised &clearly readable since it is the main anchor text. The packagings used different types of font and colour as well for the title and the other supporting texts, making it more appealing and not boring. Moreover, the competitors' packagings put the amount of ML it has at the bottom part. They all have clear product hierarchy so it is perceived as high quality. 4 of them attracts women more with elegant, colourful and some youthful visuals and clear variant colour coding for younger audiences too. Lastly, the whole background of the tubes all around isn't just the foil colour but with backgrounds connected to the scent of the cream.

Trends & Best practises for this packaging category:
  • Text description shouldn't be separated and divided into many lines or blocks.
  • Minimize the amount of text descriptions on the front so it doesn't look cluttered, confusing and packed.
  • Distinct variant colour coding: each scent has a unique band colour/illustration for fast recognition.
  • Make the brand name/logo visible clearly. 
  • Have a good logical visual hierarchy for example: Title is bold and biggest with a different font from the other supporting texts. Title should be centered.
  • Emphasise on the main text by placing a box or a contrasting background behind them so it is quicker to see on the shelves.
  • Make the overall visuals catchy and vibrant, and the background of the tube a contrasting and elegant colour or graphics relating to the scent of the cream.
  • Increase the weight of the product name for high legibility and under neath that should be the secondary "benefits" line with a smaller font and weight.
  • At the back tubes can put a sign to show that it is sustainable or the recycle logo.
  • Clear USP callouts: “No parabens”, “95% natural”, “cruelty free”, on the front.
  • Travel-friendly design: small, leak-proof cap, rounded edges, concise labelling.
  • Upgrade finish: matte or soft-touch and subtle embossing for premium feel.
  • Sustainability callout: switch to mono-material or PCR tube + display recycling/refill icons visibly. 

Feedbacks:

Week 1
General Feedback - Mr Shamsul introduced us to what packaging is and why is it important. He told us to bring 4 of the items next class to start on our exercise 1 on packaging analysis and start our blog.

Week 2
No class

Reflections:

Experience:
  • Analyzing the packaging int he first 2 week period gave me a beginner and hands-on understanding of how packaging is more than just a container but it is a strategic tool for communication. The process required me to not only critique aesthetics of everyday product packaging I see, but also to consider practicality, branding, and user interaction. For example, while assessing the green tea box packaging, I learned how excessive visual noise can harm brand recognition. The hand cream tube review made me more aware of how important usability is for consumer satisfaction. Looking into competitors also gave me experience in identifying market standards, trends, and consumer expectations, which shaped how I judged the effectiveness of each design. Overall, this exercise taught me to think critically and holistically about packaging. I got to learn more on the trends of the design of packaging in these 4 different categories and get familiar with layouts of packaging.
Observations:
  • During this exercise, I observed how packaging design plays a crucial role in shaping consumer perception and product usability. Each of the four chosen products: the mango drink bottle, coconut drink can, hand cream tube, and green tea box, presented different challenges in terms of form, graphics, aesthetics, sustainability, and functionality. The mango drink bottle appeared cluttered with unmatching colours that distracted from the brand identity. The drink can lacked differentiation from its competitors, making it easy to overlook on shelves. The hand cream tube suffered from poor text hierarchy, making it harder to read, while the green tea box looked outdated, with visuals that did not connect well to the modern health-conscious audience. These observations highlighted how even small design flaws could reduce a product’s market competitiveness.
Findings:
  • Overall, to conclude, from this first exercise of the module I got to analyse real life product packagings, learn from its mistakes and gain more knowledge on the improvements that can be made to them. I learnt to compare the existing packagings with other competitors which has better packaging designs and find the trends. I found that successful packaging design balances functionality, sustainability, and branding clarity. The key shortcomings of the analyzed products were either weak user-friendliness, outdated aesthetics, or a lack of differentiation in a competitive market. Competitor research revealed that leading brands often use clean layouts, modern visuals, eco-friendly materials, and ergonomic structures to appeal to their target audiences. This highlighted the gap between the analyzed packaging and current industry practices. Furthemrore, I realized that poor packaging design can directly affect consumer trust, purchasing decisions, and brand loyalty, while thoughtful, user-centered packaging can enhance both product appeal and functionality. Target audience is also really important too as some ages prefer different aesthetics.

SEM:

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